Deep-TROJ: An Inference Stage Trojan Insertion Algorithm Through Efficient Weight Replacement Attack

To insert Trojan into a Deep Neural Network (DNN), the existing attack assumes the attacker can access the victim's training facilities. However, a realistic threat model was recently developed by leveraging memory fault to inject Trojans at the inference stage. In this work, we develop a novel Trojan attack by adopting a unique memory fault injection technique that can inject bit-flip into the page table of the main memory. In the main memory, each weight block consists of a group of weights located at a specific address of a DRAM row. A bit-flip in the page frame number replaces a target weight block of a DNN model with another replacement weight block. To develop a successful Trojan attack leveraging this unique fault model, the attacker must solve three key challenges: i) how to identify a minimum set of target weight blocks to be modified? ii) how to identify the corresponding optimal replacement weight block? iii) how to optimize the trigger to maximize the attacker's objective given a target and replacement weight block set? We address them by proposing a novel Deep-TROJ attack algorithm that can identify a minimum set of vulnerable target and corresponding replacement weight blocks while optimizing the trigger at the same time. We evaluate the performance of our proposed Deep-TROJ on CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and Im-ageNet dataset for fifteen different DNN architectures, including vision transformers. Proposed Deep-TROJ is the most successful one to date that does not require access to training facilities while successfully bypassing the existing defenses. Our code is available at https://github.com/ML- Security-Research-LAB/Deep-TROJ.