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Jury-and-Judge Chain-of-Thought for Uncovering Toxic Data in 3D Visual Grounding

Kaixiang Huang, Qifeng Zhang, Jin Wang, Jingru Yang, Yang Zhou, Huan Yu, Guodong Lu, Shengfeng He

2025Year

Abstract

3D Visual Grounding (3DVG) faces persistent challenges due to coarse scene-level observations and logically inconsistent annotations, which introduce ambiguities that compromise data quality and hinder effective model supervision. To address these challenges, we introduce Refer-Judge , a novel framework that harnesses the reasoning capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) to identify and mitigate toxic data. At the core of Refer-Judge is a Jury-and-Judge Chain-of-Thought paradigm, inspired by the deliberative process of the judicial system. This framework targets the root causes of annotation noise: ju-rors collaboratively assess 3DVG samples from diverse perspectives, providing structured, multi-faceted evaluations. Judges then consolidate these insights using a Corroborative Refinement strategy, which adaptively reorganizes information to correct ambiguities arising from biased or incomplete observations. Through this two-stage deliberation, Refer-Judge significantly enhances the reliability of data judgments. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our framework not only achieves human-level discrimination at the scene level but also improves the performance of baseline algorithms via data purification. Code is available at https://github.com/Hermione-HKX/Refer_Judge .

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