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ACL Findings2023

WYWEB: A NLP Evaluation Benchmark For Classical Chinese

Bo Zhou, Qianglong Chen, Xiaomi Zhong, Yin Zhang

Abstract

To fully evaluate the overall performance of different NLP models in a given domain, many evaluation benchmarks are proposed, such as GLUE, SuperGLUE and CLUE. The field of natural language understanding has traditionally focused on benchmarks for various tasks in languages such as Chinese, English, and multilingual, however, there has been a lack of attention given to the area of classical Chinese, also known as "wen yan wen (文言文)", which has a rich history spanning thousands of years and holds significant cultural and academic value.

For the prosperity of the NLP community, in this paper, we introduce the WYWEB evaluation benchmark, which consists of nine NLP tasks in classical Chinese, implementing sentence classification, sequence labeling, reading comprehension, and machine translation. We evaluate the existing pre-trained language models, which are all struggling with this benchmark. We also introduce a number of supplementary datasets and additional tools to help facilitate further progress on classical Chinese NLU. The github repository is https://github.com/baudzhou/WYWEB.

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Cited by top-tier papers4

  1. Surveying the Dead Minds: Historical-Psychological Text Analysis with Contextualized Construct Representation (CCR) for Classical ChineseYuqi Chen, Sixuan Li, Ying Li, Mohammad AtariEMNLP 2024 · 10 citations
  2. AncientBench: Towards Comprehensive Evaluation on Excavated and Transmitted Chinese CorporaZhihan Zhou, Daqian Shi, Rui Song, Lida Shi et al.AAAI 2026 · 1 citation
  3. Incorporating Diverse Perspectives in Cultural Alignment: Survey of Evaluation Benchmarks Through A Three-Dimensional FrameworkMeng-Chen Wu, Si-Chi Chin, Tess Wood, Ayush Goyal et al.EMNLP 2025
  4. MCS-Bench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models in Chinese Classical StudiesYang Liu, Jiahuan Cao, Hiuyi Cheng, Yongxin Shi et al.ACL 2025

Builds on8

  1. Language Models are Few-Shot LearnersTom B. Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah et al.NeurIPS 2020 · 64,255 citations
  2. ALBERT: A Lite BERT for Self-supervised Learning of Language RepresentationsZhenzhong Lan, Mingda Chen, Sebastian Goodman, Kevin Gimpel et al.ICLR 2020 · 7,418 citations
  3. Deberta: decoding-Enhanced Bert with Disentangled AttentionPengcheng He, Xiaodong Liu, Jianfeng Gao, Weizhu ChenICLR 2021 · 3,729 citations
  4. Revisiting Pre-Trained Models for Chinese Natural Language ProcessingYiming Cui, Wanxiang Che, Ting Liu, Bing Qin et al.EMNLP Findings 2020 · 866 citations
  5. StructBERT: Incorporating Language Structures into Pre-training for Deep Language UnderstandingWei Wang, Bin Bi, Ming Yan, Chen Wu et al.ICLR 2020 · 297 citations

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