Jackpot: Align Actor-Policy Distribution for scalable and stable RL for LLM

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become an increasingly important paradigm for improving large language models (LLMs) on alignment, reasoning, and coding tasks, yet it remains extremely costly. The majority of training time is spent on rollouts. Allowing actor and policy distributions to differ could unlock substantial scalability and efficiency benefits, such as supporting large-batch or asynchronous training, and even enabling a lightweight rollout model. However, existing importance sampling-based corrections for distribution mismatch suffer from an inherent trade-off between stability and training performance. To tackle this problem, we propose Jackpot, which leverages Optimal Budget Rejection Sampling to directly reduce the gap between actor and policy distributions. For efficiency and stability in practical training, We introduce an efficient probability estimation strategy based on Top-K logits with batch bias correction, and designs a stabilized Jackpot-PPO loss that jointly accounts for both the importance sampling ratio and the trust-region constraint in PPO. Empirically, our method achieves stable improvements in large-batch and asynchronous training, and in extreme off-policy training it substantially delays the onset of collapse and delivers competitive performance. Specifically, we achieve 20% improvement on AMC benchmarks and 8% AIME benchmarks over the off-policy baseline under 128× actor-policy update ratio for Qwen3-4B-Base and 64× for Qwen3-8B-Base, while achieving greater stability and better performance than prior off-policy RL methods under extreme settings. More details of the project are available at https://infini-ai-lab.github.io/jpt_website/ . * Equal contribution, alphabetically ordering based on lastnames A ANALYSIS OF OBRS This appendix provides the theoretical foundation for OBRS. We first formally define the post-rejection distribution that results from our method. We then prove two key results: