Energy-Structured Low-Rank Adaptation for Continual Learning

While orthogonal subspace methods try to mitigate task interference in Continual Learning (CL), they often suffer from energy diffusion across the basis, hindering knowledge compaction and exhausting capacity for future tasks. We observe that output feature drift induced by parameter updates is inherently low-rank, and theoretically prove that preserving parameters along the principal directions of this drift minimizes the output reconstruction error. Motivated by this, we propose Energy-Concentrated and Energy-Ordered Low-Rank Adaptation (E 2 -LoRA). By explicitly ordering and concentrating knowledge into leading ranks, E 2 -LoRA frees capacity for subsequent tasks. Furthermore, we design a dynamic rank allocation strategy to balance stability and plasticity by jointly optimizing energy retention and model plasticity. Extensive experiments across multiple benchmarks demonstrate that E 2 -LoRA achieves state-of-the-art performance. Code is available at https://github. com/kiddo127/E2-LoRA .