Seeing to Generalize: How Visual Data Corrects Binding Shortcuts

Vision Language Models (VLMs) are designed to extend Large Language Models (LLMs) with visual capabilities, yet in this work we observe a surprising phenomenon: VLMs can outperform their underlying LLMs on purely text-only tasks, particularly in long-context information retrieval. To investigate this effect, we build a controlled synthetic retrieval task and find that a transformer trained only on text achieves perfect in-distribution accuracy but fails to generalize out-of-distribution (OOD), while subsequent training on an image-tokenized version of the same task nearly doubles text-only OOD performance. Mechanistic interpretability reveals that visual training changes the model’s internal binding strategy: text-only training encourages positional shortcuts, whereas image-based training disrupts them through spatial translation invariance and other encoder-level inductive biases, forcing the model to adopt a more robust symbolic binding mechanism that persists even after text-only examples are reintroduced. We further characterize how binding strategies vary across training regimes and visual encoders, and show that analogous shifts occur during pre-trained LLM-to-VLM transitions. Our findings suggest that cross‑modal training can enhance reasoning and generalization even for tasks grounded in a single modality.