Towards Context-Aware Traffic Classification via Time-Wavelet Fusion Network
Ziming Zhao, Zhuoxue Song, Xiaofei Xie, Zhaoxuan Li, Jiongchi Yu, Fan Zhang, Tingting Li
Abstract
Encrypted traffic classification occupies a significant role in cybersecurity and network management. The existing encrypted traffic classification technology mostly relies on intra-flow semantics for extracting features. However, considering that some attack behaviors inherently have similar patterns to legitimate behaviors, and powerful adversaries could simulate benign users to conceal their attack intentions, intra-flow features may be similar between different categories. In this paper, we propose TrafficScope, a time-wavelet fusion network based on Transformer to enhance the performance of encrypted traffic classification. Specifically, in addition to using intra-flow semantics, TrafficScope also extracts contextual information to construct more comprehensive representations. Moreover, to cope with the non-stationary and dynamic contextual traffic, we employ wavelet transform to extract invariant features. For feature fusion, the cross-attention mechanism is adopted to inline combine temporal and wavelet-domain features. We extensively evaluate TrafficScope compared with 7 state-of-the-art baselines based on four groups of real-world traffic datasets, the results show that TrafficScope outperforms existing methods. We conduct a series of experiments in terms of similar intra-flow feature evaluation, data pollution, flow manipulations, and dynamic context to demonstrate the robustness and stability of the proposed method. Furthermore, we produce additional experiments to present the potential of Traf-ficScope in cross-dataset scenarios.
Ask about this paper
Your agent reads all of it.
Lune indexed this paper to the last equation, along with the top-tier papers that cite it. Ask a question and the answer quotes them.
Your agent calls
Luneget_paper_fulltext
Free to start. No credit card required.
Terminal
Install the CLIlune papers fulltext bd3ee70c-dc41-4713-8853-ff9a395b7b7fCited by top-tier papers2
- Chimera: Harnessing Multi-Agent LLMs for Automatic Insider Threat SimulationJiongchi Yu, Xiaofei Xie, Qiang Hu, Yuhan Ma et al.NDSS 2026 · 11 citations
- Disentangling Multi-View Scanning in Mamba for Network Traffic Anomaly DetectionXinglin Lian, Chengtai Cao, Ting Zhong, Fan ZhouKDD 2026 · 2 citations
Builds on23
- Language Models are Few-Shot LearnersTom B. Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah et al.NeurIPS 2020 · 64,255 citations
- BEiT: BERT Pre-Training of Image TransformersHangbo Bao, Li Dong, Songhao Piao, Furu WeiICLR 2022 · 3,632 citations
- Kitsune: An Ensemble of Autoencoders for Online Network Intrusion DetectionYisroel Mirsky, Tomer Doitshman, Yuval Elovici, Asaf ShabtaiNDSS 2018 · 945 citations
- ET-BERT: A Contextualized Datagram Representation with Pre-training Transformers for Encrypted Traffic ClassificationXinjie Lin, Gang Xiong, Gaopeng Gou, Zhen Li et al.WWW 2022 · 490 citations
- Realtime Robust Malicious Traffic Detection via Frequency Domain AnalysisChuanpu Fu, Qi Li, Meng Shen, Ke XuCCS 2021 · 194 citations
Related papers
- TFE-GNN: A Temporal Fusion Encoder Using Graph Neural Networks for Fine-grained Encrypted Traffic ClassificationHaozhen Zhang, Le Yu, Xi Xiao, Qing Li et al.WWW 2023 · 122 citations
- MIETT: Multi-Instance Encrypted Traffic Transformer for Encrypted Traffic ClassificationXu-Yang Chen, Lu Han, De-Chuan Zhan, Han-Jia YeAAAI 2025 · 7 citations
- MT-FlowFormer: A Semi-Supervised Flow Transformer for Encrypted Traffic ClassificationRuijie Zhao, Xianwen Deng, Zhicong Yan, Jun Ma et al.KDD 2022 · 48 citations
- Training Robust Classifiers for Classifying Encrypted Traffic under Dynamic Network ConditionsYuqi Qing, Qilei Yin, Xinhao Deng, Xiaoli Zhang et al.CCS 2025
- HF-Transformer: A Non-Pretrained Encrypted Network Traffic Classification Model Based on Packet Header FieldsZhenzhen Yan, Lizhi Peng, Peiqiang Liu, Yingshuo Bao et al.INFOCOM 2026
