IA-GGAD: Zero-shot Generalist Graph Anomaly Detection via Invariant and Affinity Learning

Generalist Graph Anomaly Detection (GGAD) extends traditional Graph Anomaly Detection (GAD) from one-for-one to one-for-all scenarios, posing significant challenges due to Feature Space Shift (FSS) and Graph Structure Shift (GSS). This paper first formalizes these challenges and proposes quantitative metrics to measure their severity. To tackle FSS, we develop an anomaly-driven graph invariant learning module that learns domain-invariant node representations. To address GSS, a novel structure-insensitive affinity learning module is introduced, capturing cross-domain structural correspondences via affinity-based features. Our unified framework, IA-GGAD, integrates these modules, enabling anomaly prediction on unseen graphs without target-domain retraining or fine-tuning. Extensive experiments on benchmark datasets from varied domains demonstrate IA-GGAD ’s superior performance, significantly outperforming state-of-the-art methods (e.g., achieving up to +12.28 % AUROC over ARC on ACM). Ablation studies further confirm the effectiveness of each proposed module. The code is available at https://github.com/kg-cc/IA-GGAD/ .