CAM: A Causality-Based Analysis Framework for Multi-agent Code Generation Systems

Despite the remarkable success that Multi-Agent Code Generation Systems (MACGS) have achieved, the inherent complexity of multi-agent architectures produces substantial volumes of intermediate outputs. To date, the individual importance of these intermediate outputs to the system correctness remains opaque, which impedes targeted optimization of MACGS designs. To address this challenge, we propose CAM, the first C ausality-based A nalysis framework for M ACGS that systematically quantifies the contribution of different intermediate features to system correctness. By comprehensively categorizing intermediate outputs and systematically simulating realistic errors on intermediate features, we identify the important features for system correctness and aggregate their importance rankings, facilitating comprehensive analysis of MACGS. We instantiate CAM on representative MACGS across multiple backend LLMs and datasets and conduct extensive empirical analysis on the identified importance rankings. Our analysis reveals intriguing findings: first, we uncover context-dependent features—features whose importance emerges mainly through interactions with other features, revealing that quality assurance for MACGS should move beyond module-level validation to incorporate cross-feature consistency checks; second, we reveal that hybrid backend MACGS with different backend LLMs assigned according to their relative strength achieves up to 7.3% Pass@1 improvement, underscoring hybrid architectures as a promising direction for future MACGS design. We further demonstrate CAM’s practical utility through two applications: (1) failure repair, which achieves a 73.6% success rate by optimizing top-3 importance-ranked features and (2) feature pruning, that reduces up to 33.6% intermediate token consumption with negligible or sometimes positive performance impact by pruning low-importance features. Our work provides actionable insights for MACGS design and deployment, establishing causality analysis as a powerful approach for understanding and improving MACGS.