Concept Matching with Agent for Out-of-Distribution Detection
Yuxiao Lee, Xiaofeng Cao, Jingcai Guo, Wei Ye, Qing Guo, Yi Chang
Abstract
The remarkable achievements of Large Language Models (LLMs) have captivated the attention of both academia and industry, transcending their initial role in dialogue generation. To expand the usage scenarios of LLM, some works enhance the effectiveness and capabilities of the model by introducing more external information, which is called the agent paradigm. Based on this idea, we propose a new method that integrates the agent paradigm into out-of-distribution (OOD) detection task, aiming to improve its robustness and adaptability. Our proposed method, Concept Matching with Agent (CMA), employs neutral prompts as agents to augment the CLIP-based OOD detection process. These agents function as dynamic observers and communication hubs, interacting with both In-distribution (ID) labels and data inputs to form vector triangle relationships. This triangular framework offers a more nuanced approach than the traditional binary relationship, allowing for better separation and identification of ID and OOD inputs. Our extensive experimental results showcase the superior performance of CMA over both zero-shot and training-required methods in a diverse array of real-world scenarios.
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Install the CLIlune papers fulltext a4ed299a-9799-4794-8449-eae60212b257Cited by top-tier papers5
- Spurious-Aware Prototype Refinement for Reliable Out-of-Distribution DetectionReihaneh Zohrabi, Hosein Hasani, Mahdieh Soleymani Baghshah, Anna Rohrbach et al.NeurIPS 2025 · 6 citations
- TTL: Test-time Textual Learning for OOD Detection with Pretrained Vision-Language ModelsJinlun Ye, Jiang Liao, Runhe Lai, Xinhua Lu et al.CVPR 2026 · 2 citations
- Activation Matters: Test-time Activated Negative Labels for OOD Detection with Vision-Language ModelsYabin Zhang, Maya Varma, Yunhe Gao, Jean-Benoit Delbrouck et al.CVPR 2026 · 2 citations
- DCAC: Dynamic Class-Aware Cache Creates Stronger Out-of-Distribution DetectorsYanqi Wu, Qichao Chen, Runhe Lai, Xinhua Lu et al.AAAI 2026 · 1 citation
- MPAS: Breaking Sequential Constraints of Multi-Agent Communication Topologies via Individual-Epistemic Message PropagationJingxuan Yu, Ju Jia, Simeng Qin, Xiaojun Jia et al.AAAI 2026
Builds on30
- Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language SupervisionAlec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh et al.ICML 2021 · 47,906 citations
- An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at ScaleAlexey Dosovitskiy, Lucas Beyer, Alexander Kolesnikov, Dirk Weissenborn et al.ICLR 2021 · 21,477 citations
- BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language ModelsJunnan Li, Dongxu Li, Silvio Savarese, Steven C. H. HoiICML 2023 · 7,873 citations
- Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak SupervisionAlec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Tao Xu, Greg Brockman et al.ICML 2023 · 6,966 citations
- Scaling Up Visual and Vision-Language Representation Learning With Noisy Text SupervisionChao Jia, Yinfei Yang, Ye Xia, Yi-Ting Chen et al.ICML 2021 · 5,401 citations
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