The Silent Thought: Modeling Internal Cognition in Full-Duplex Spoken Dialogue Models via Latent Reasoning

During conversational interactions, humans subconsciously engage in concurrent thinking while listening to a speaker. Although this internal cognitive processing may not always manifest as explicit linguistic structures, it is instrumental in formulating high-quality responses. Inspired by this cognitive phenomenon, we propose a novel F ull-duplex LA tent and I nternal R easoning method named FLAIR that conducts latent thinking simultaneously with speech perception. Unlike conventional "thinking" mechanisms in NLP, which require post-hoc generation, our approach aligns seamlessly with spoken dialogue systems: during the user’s speaking phase, it recursively feeds the latent embedding output from the previous step into the next step, enabling continuous reasoning that strictly adheres to causality without introducing additional latency. To enable this latent reasoning, we design an Evidence Lower Bound-based objective that supports efficient supervised finetuning via teacher forcing, circumventing the need for explicit reasoning annotations. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of this think-while-listening design, which achieves competitive results on a range of speech benchmarks. Furthermore, FLAIR robustly handles conversational dynamics and attains competitive performance on full-duplex interaction metrics.