CORES: Convolutional Response-based Score for Out-of-distribution Detection

Deep neural networks (DNNs) often display overconfidence when encountering out-of-distribution (OOD) samples, posing significant challenges in real-world applications. Capitalizing on the observation that responses on convolutional kernels are generally more pronounced for in-distribution (ID) samples than for OOD ones, this paper proposes the COnvolutional REsponse-based Score (CORES) to exploit these discrepancies for OOD detection. Initially, CORES delves into the extremities of convolutional responses by considering both their magnitude and the frequency of significant values. Moreover, through backtracking from the most prominent predictions, CORES effectively pinpoints sample-relevant kernels across different layers. These kernels, which exhibit a strong correlation to input samples, are integral to CORES's OOD detection capability. Comprehensive experiments across various ID and OOD settings demonstrate CORES's effectiveness in OOD detection and its superiority to the state-of-the-art methods.