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ACL Findings2024

RankMean: Module-Level Importance Score for Merging Fine-tuned LLM Models

Gabriel J. Perin, Xuxi Chen, Shusen Liu, Bhavya Kailkhura, Zhangyang Wang, Brian Gallagher

Abstract

Traditionally, developing new language models (LMs) capable of addressing multiple tasks involves fine-tuning pre-trained LMs using a wide collection of datasets, a process that often incurs significant computational expenses. Model merging emerges as a cost-effective alternative, allowing the integration of existing models fine-tuned on different tasks into a single model that performs well across all tasks, eliminating the need for additional training. In this paper, we propose RankMean, an algorithm for merging fine-tuned LMs without requiring any downstream data. RankMean determines merging coefficients based on the relative rankings of weight change magnitudes and applies these coefficients for module-wise integration of various fine-tuned models. Our experimental results demonstrate that RankMean outperforms existing baseline methods on multiple benchmarks. The code is available at github.com/VITA-Group/RankMean.

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Cited by top-tier papers2

  1. EvoGM: Learning to Merge LLMs via Evolutionary Generative OptimizationTao Jiang, Xinmeng Yu, Chenhao Yi, Yiling Wu et al.ICML 2026 · 1 citation
  2. Transport and Merge: Cross-Architecture Merging for Large Language ModelsChenhang Cui, Binyun Yang, Fei Shen, Yuxin Chen et al.ICML 2026

Builds on15

  1. LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language ModelsEdward J. Hu, Yelong Shen, Phillip Wallis, Zeyuan Allen-Zhu et al.ICLR 2022 · 18,833 citations
  2. Model soups: averaging weights of multiple fine-tuned models improves accuracy without increasing inference timeMitchell Wortsman, Gabriel Ilharco, Samir Yitzhak Gadre, Rebecca Roelofs et al.ICML 2022 · 1,464 citations
  3. WizardLM: Empowering Large Pre-Trained Language Models to Follow Complex InstructionsCan Xu, Qingfeng Sun, Kai Zheng, Xiubo Geng et al.ICLR 2024 · 1,206 citations
  4. TIES-Merging: Resolving Interference When Merging ModelsPrateek Yadav, Derek Tam, Leshem Choshen, Colin A. Raffel et al.NeurIPS 2023 · 999 citations
  5. AlpacaFarm: A Simulation Framework for Methods that Learn from Human FeedbackYann Dubois, Chen Xuechen Li, Rohan Taori, Tianyi Zhang et al.NeurIPS 2023 · 948 citations

Related papers

  1. Unraveling LoRA Interference: Orthogonal Subspaces for Robust Model MergingHaobo Zhang, Jiayu ZhouACL 2025
  2. FroM: Frobenius Norm-Based Data-Free Adaptive Model MergingZijian Li, Xiaocheng Feng, Huixin Liu, Yichong Huang et al.EMNLP Findings 2025
  3. LM-Cocktail: Resilient Tuning of Language Models via Model MergingShitao Xiao, Zheng Liu, Peitian Zhang, Xingrun XingACL Findings 2024 · 15 citations
  4. PRIME: Ultra-Low-Rank Principal-Residual Model MergingSeung-Ho Lee, Kyungsu Lee, Bazarvaani Zuchi, Jeongmin Ahn et al.ACL Findings 2026
  5. Training-free LLM Merging for Multi-task LearningZichuan Fu, Xian Wu, Yejing Wang, Wanyu Wang et al.ACL 2025
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