Beyond Gemini-3-Pro: Revisiting LLM Routing and Aggregation at Scale
Shengji Tang, Weihao Lin, Peng Ye, Jingqi Ye, Hao Li, Yiqun Zhang, Xiaosong Wang, Bo Zhang, Shuyue Hu, Tao Chen, LEI BAI, Wanli Ouyang
Abstract
Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly advanced, with Gemini-3-Pro setting a new performance milestone. In this work, we explore collective intelligence as an alternative to monolithic scaling, and demonstrate that open-source LLMs' collaboration can surpass Gemini-3-Pro. We first revisit LLM routing and aggregation at scale and identify three key bottlenecks: (1) current trainfree routers are limited by a query-based paradigm focusing solely on textual similarity; (2) recent aggregation methods remain largely static, failing to select appropriate aggregators for different tasks; (3) the complementarity of routing and aggregation remains underutilized. To address these problems, we introduce JiSi, a novel framework designed to release the full potential of LLMs' collaboration through three innovations: (1) Query-Response Mixed Routing capturing both semantic information and problem difficulty; (2) Support-Set-based Aggregator Selection jointly evaluating the comprehensive and domain capacity of aggregators; (3) Adaptive Routing-Aggregation Switch dynamically leveraging the advantages of routing and aggregation. Comprehensive experiments on nine benchmarks demonstrate that JiSi can surpass Gemini-3-Pro with only 47% costs by orchestrating ten open-source LLMs, while outperforming mainstream baselines. It suggests that collective intelligence represents a novel path towards Artificial General Intelligence (AGI).
Ask about this paper
Your agent reads all of it.
Lune indexed this paper to the last equation, along with the top-tier papers that cite it. Ask a question and the answer quotes them.
Builds on5
- Language Models are Few-Shot LearnersTom B. Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah et al.NeurIPS 2020 · 64,255 citations
- SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-world Github Issues?Carlos E. Jimenez, John Yang, Alexander Wettig, Shunyu Yao et al.ICLR 2024 · 2,082 citations
- RouterDC: Query-Based Router by Dual Contrastive Learning for Assembling Large Language ModelsShuhao Chen, Weisen Jiang, Baijiong Lin, James T. Kwok et al.NeurIPS 2024 · 113 citations
- Do We Truly Need So Many Samples? Multi-LLM Repeated Sampling Efficiently Scales Test-Time ComputeJianhao Chen, Zishuo Xun, Bocheng Zhou, Han Qi et al.AAAI 2026 · 18 citations
- Mixture-of-Agents Enhances Large Language Model CapabilitiesJunlin Wang, Jue Wang, Ben Athiwaratkun, Ce Zhang et al.ICLR 2025
Related papers
- Router-R1: Teaching LLMs Multi-Round Routing and Aggregation via Reinforcement LearningHaozhen Zhang, Tao Feng, Jiaxuan YouNeurIPS 2025 · 81 citations
- DiSRouter: Distributed Self-Routing for LLM SelectionsHang Zheng, Hongshen Xu, Yongkai.lin, Shuai Fan et al.ICLR 2026 · 6 citations
- Breaking Model Lock-in: Cost-Efficient Zero-Shot LLM Routing via a Universal Latent SpaceCheng Yan, Wuyang Zhang, Zhiyuan Ning, Fan Xu et al.AAAI 2026
- Dynamic Routing-Based Adaptive Multi-LLM Collaboration: A Unified Recommendation Framework with Decision Knowledge ComplementationJiale Huang, Yingyuan Xiao, Likang Wu, Xu Cheng et al.WWW 2026
- MasRouter: Learning to Route LLMs for Multi-Agent SystemsYanwei Yue, Guibin Zhang, Boyang Liu, Guancheng Wan et al.ACL 2025 · 45 citations
