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ACL Findings2024

Integrating Pre-Trained Speech and Language Models for End-to-End Speech Recognition

Yukiya Hono, Koh Mitsuda, Tianyu Zhao, Kentaro Mitsui, Toshiaki Wakatsuki, Kei Sawada

Abstract

Advances in machine learning have made it possible to perform various text and speech processing tasks, such as automatic speech recognition (ASR), in an end-to-end (E2E) manner. E2E approaches utilizing pre-trained models are gaining attention for conserving training data and resources. However, most of their applications in ASR involve only one of either a pre-trained speech or a language model. This paper proposes integrating a pre-trained speech representation model and a large language model (LLM) for E2E ASR. The proposed model enables the optimization of the entire ASR process, including acoustic feature extraction and acoustic and language modeling, by combining pre-trained models with a bridge network and also enables the application of remarkable developments in LLM utilization, such as parameter-efficient domain adaptation and inference optimization. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves a performance comparable to that of modern E2E ASR models by utilizing powerful pre-training models with the proposed integrated approach.

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Cited by top-tier papers3

  1. LLaMA-Omni: Seamless Speech Interaction with Large Language ModelsQingkai Fang, Shoutao Guo, Yan Zhou, Zhengrui Ma et al.ICLR 2025 · 2 citations
  2. ES4R: Speech Encoding Based on Prepositive Affective Modeling for Empathetic Response GenerationZhuoyue Gao, Xiaohui Wang, Xiaocui Yang, Wen Zhang et al.ACL 2026
  3. LLaMA-Omni 2: LLM-based Real-time Spoken Chatbot with Autoregressive Streaming Speech SynthesisQingkai Fang, Yan Zhou, Shoutao Guo, Shaolei Zhang et al.ACL 2025

Builds on11

  1. LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language ModelsEdward J. Hu, Yelong Shen, Phillip Wallis, Zeyuan Allen-Zhu et al.ICLR 2022 · 18,833 citations
  2. wav2vec 2.0: A Framework for Self-Supervised Learning of Speech RepresentationsAlexei Baevski, Yuhao Zhou, Abdelrahman Mohamed, Michael AuliNeurIPS 2020 · 9,451 citations
  3. BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language ModelsJunnan Li, Dongxu Li, Silvio Savarese, Steven C. H. HoiICML 2023 · 7,873 citations
  4. Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak SupervisionAlec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Tao Xu, Greg Brockman et al.ICML 2023 · 6,966 citations
  5. Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot LearningJean-Baptiste Alayrac, Jeff Donahue, Pauline Luc, Antoine Miech et al.NeurIPS 2022 · 6,707 citations

Related papers

  1. Contrastive Learning for Task-Independent SpeechLLM-PretrainingMaike Züfle, Jan NiehuesACL Findings 2025
  2. LegoSLM: Connecting LLM with Speech Encoder using CTC PosteriorsRao Ma, Tongzhou Chen, Kartik Audhkhasi, Bhuvana RamabhadranEMNLP Findings 2025 · 2 citations
  3. Improving End-to-End Speech Processing by Efficient Text Data Utilization with Latent SynthesisJianqiao Lu, Wenyong Huang, Nianzu Zheng, Xingshan Zeng et al.EMNLP Findings 2023
  4. Soundwave: Less is More for Speech-Text Alignment in LLMsYuhao Zhang, Zhiheng Liu, Fan Bu, Ruiyu Zhang et al.ACL 2025 · 11 citations
  5. Fused Acoustic and Text Encoding for Multimodal Bilingual Pretraining and Speech TranslationRenjie Zheng, Jun-Kun Chen, Mingbo Ma, Liang HuangICML 2021 · 74 citations
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