Mixed Reality and Real-Time X-Ray Simulation in Vet Radiography Training: A User-Centered Comparative Study

Proficient training in Diagnostic Imaging (DI) is crucial for veterinary students. However, the training process faces challenges, including limited access to animals and strict radiation safety regulations. Can Mixed Reality (MR) address these issues? Two co-located collaborative MR teaching systems were implemented to simulate the horse DI procedure with real-time X-ray simulation. One system integrated actual X-ray equipment, while the other was entirely virtual. A user-centered comparative study was conducted, assessing students’ performance and opinions to explore the differences and the necessity of physical versus virtual equipment. The performance of 22 veterinary students and four DI experts was evaluated, focusing on the quality of the readiographs and the time taken to obtain the X-ray images. Students initially underperformed compared to experts using physical equipment but matched expert performance by the final image, while they performed similarly with virtual equipment. Experts took X-rays faster than students in both cases. Both systems offered comparable user experiences, though most preferred virtual equipment for its usability and presentation. Physical equipment remained essential for realistic simulation. The results show that the MR system, combined with real-time X-ray image synthesis, has great potential to overcome obstacles in veterinary DI training and serve as a support tool for both training and assessment.