"Millions of people are watching you": Understanding the Digital-Safety Needs and Practices of Creators

Online content creators-who create and share their content on platforms such as Instagram, TikTok, Twitch, and YouTubeare uniquely at-risk of increased digital-safety threats due to their public prominence, the diverse social norms of wideranging audiences, and their access to audience members as a valuable resource. We interviewed 23 creators to understand their digital-safety experiences. This includes the security, privacy, and abuse threats they have experienced across multiple platforms and how the threats have changed over time. We also examined the protective practices they have employed to stay safer, including tensions in how they adopt the practices. We found that creators have diverse threat models that take into consideration their emotional, physical, relational, and financial safety. Most adopted protections-including distancing from technology, moderating their communities, and seeking external or social support-only after experiencing a serious safety incident. Lessons from their experiences help us better prepare and protect creators and ensure a diversity of voices are present online. Creators in our study emphasized the positives they experienced, such as building a community with their audiences, having an outlet for their creativity that they could share with the 1 We use the term, digital safety, to encapsulate security, privacy, abuse, or other online safety risks.