Spatio-Temporal Approximation: A Training-Free SNN Conversion for Transformers

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are energy-efficient and hold great potential for large-scale inference. Since training SNNs from scratch is costly and has limited performance, converting pretrained artificial neural networks (ANNs) to SNNs is an attractive approach that retains robust performance without additional training data and resources. However, while existing conversion methods work well on convolution networks, emerging Transformer models introduce unique mechanisms like self-attention and test-time normalization, leading to non-causal nonlinear interactions unachievable by current SNNs. To address this, we approximate these operations in both temporal and spatial dimensions, thereby providing the first SNN conversion pipeline for Transformers. We propose Universal Group Operators to approximate non-linear operations spatially and a Temporal-Corrective Self-Attention Layer that approximates spike multiplications at inference through an estimation-correction approach. Our algorithm is implemented on a pretrained ViT-B/32 from CLIP, inheriting its zero-shot classification capabilities, while improving control over conversion losses. To our knowledge, this is the first direct training-free conversion of a pretrained Transformer to a purely event-driven SNN, promising for neuromorphic hardware deployment. Codes are available at https://github.com/ViviaHu/STA .