Adaptive Energy Alignment for Accelerating Test-Time Adaptation

In response to the increasing demand for tackling out-of-domain (OOD) scenarios, test-time adaptation (TTA) has garnered significant research attention in recent years. To adapt a source pre-trained model to target samples without getting access to their labels, existing approaches have typically employed entropy minimization (EM) loss as a primary objective function. In this paper, we propose an adaptive energy alignment (AEA) solution that achieves fast online TTA. We start from the re-interpretation of the EM loss by decomposing it into two energy-based terms with conflicting roles, showing that the EM loss can potentially hinder the assertive model adaptation. Our AEA addresses this challenge by strategically reducing the energy gap between the source and target domains during TTA, aiming to effectively align the target domain with the source domains and thus to accelerate adaptation. We specifically propose two novel strategies, each contributing a necessary component for TTA: (i) aligning the energy level of each target sample with the energy zone of the source domain that the pre-trained model is already familiar with, and (ii) precisely guiding the direction of the energy alignment by matching the class-wise correlations between the source and target domains. Our approach demonstrates its effectiveness on various domain shift datasets including CIFAR10-C, CIFAR100-C, and TinyImageNet-C. Motivation. To overcome the aforementioned challenges, we propose a new TTA method by leveraging the idea of energy-based models (EBMs) (LeCun et al., 2006) , which have proven to be effective in addressing distribution shift problems (