Handwritten Text Generation from Visual Archetypes
Vittorio Pippi, Silvia Cascianelli, Rita Cucchiara
Abstract
Generating synthetic images of handwritten text in a writer-specific style is a challenging task, especially in the case of unseen styles and new words, and even more when these latter contain characters that are rarely encountered during training. While emulating a writer's style has been recently addressed by generative models, the generalization towards rare characters has been disregarded. In this work, we devise a Transformer-based model for Few-Shot styled handwritten text generation and focus on obtaining a robust and informative representation of both the text and the style. In particular, we propose a novel representation of the textual content as a sequence of dense vectors obtained from images of symbols written as standard GNU Unifont glyphs, which can be considered their visual archetypes. This strategy is more suitable for generating characters that, despite having been seen rarely during training, possibly share visual details with the frequently observed ones. As for the style, we obtain a robust representation of unseen writers' calligraphy by exploiting specific pre-training on a large synthetic dataset. Quantitative and qualitative results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposal in generating words in unseen styles and with rare characters more faithfully than existing approaches relying on independent one-hot encodings of the characters.
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Cited by top-tier papers7
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- Learning to Generate Stylized Handwritten Text via a Unified Representation of Style, Content, and NoiseHonglie Wang, Yan-Ming Zhang, Wangzi Yao, Fei Yin et al.ICLR 2026
- Gracefully Air-Written: Enhancing the Legibility and Style Consistency of In-Air HandwritingYu Liu, Cunrui Wang, Lin Feng, Jianxin Zhang et al.AAAI 2026
Builds on7
- An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at ScaleAlexey Dosovitskiy, Lucas Beyer, Alexander Kolesnikov, Dirk Weissenborn et al.ICLR 2021 · 21,477 citations
- Few-shot Font Generation with Localized Style Representations and FactorizationSong Park, Sanghyuk Chun, Junbum Cha, Bado Lee et al.AAAI 2021 · 111 citations
- Handwriting TransformersAnkan Kumar Bhunia, Salman H. Khan, Hisham Cholakkal, Rao Muhammad Anwer et al.ICCV 2021 · 64 citations
- HiGAN: Handwriting Imitation Conditioned on Arbitrary-Length Texts and Disentangled StylesJi Gan, Weiqiang WangAAAI 2021 · 48 citations
- Text is Text, No Matter What: Unifying Text Recognition using Knowledge DistillationAyan Kumar Bhunia, Aneeshan Sain, Pinaki Nath Chowdhury, Yi-Zhe SongICCV 2021 · 33 citations
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