Leveraging Spatial Invariance to Boost Adversarial Transferability

Adversarial examples, crafted with imperceptible perturbations, reveal a significant vulnerability of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). More critically, the transferability of adversarial examples allows attackers to induce unreasonable predictions without requiring knowledge about the target model. DNNs exhibit spatial invariance, meaning that the position of an object does not affect the classification result. However, existing input transformation-based adversarial attacks solely focus on behavioral patterns at a singular position, failing to fully exploit the spatial invariance exhibited by DNNs across multiple positions, thus constraining the transferability of adversarial examples. To address this, we propose a multi-scale, multi-position input transformationbased attack called Spatial Invariance Diversity (SID). Specifically, SID uses hybrid spatial-spectral fusion mechanisms within localized receptive fields, followed by multiscale spatial downsampling and positional perturbations via random transformations, thereby crafting an ensemble of inputs to activate diverse behavioral patterns of DNNs for effective adversarial perturbations. Extensive experiments on the ImageNet dataset demonstrate that SID could achieve better transferability than the current state-of-theart input transformation-based attacks. Additionally, SID can be flexibly integrated with other input transformationbased or gradient-based attacks, further enhancing the transferability of adversarial examples. The code is available at https://github.com/TheMoss7/SID.