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ACL Findings2023

Selecting Better Samples from Pre-trained LLMs: A Case Study on Question Generation

Xingdi Yuan, Tong Wang, Yen-Hsiang Wang, Emery Fine, Rania Abdelghani, Hélène Sauzéon, Pierre-Yves Oudeyer

Abstract

Large Language Models (LLMs) have in recent years demonstrated impressive prowess in natural language generation. A common practice to improve generation diversity is to sample multiple outputs from the model. However, partly due to the inaccessibility of LLMs, there lacks a simple and robust way of selecting the best output from these stochastic samples. As a case study framed in the context of question generation, we propose two prompt-based approaches, namely round-trip and prompt-based score, to selecting high-quality questions from a set of LLM-generated candidates. Our method works without the need to modify the underlying model, nor does it rely on human-annotated references -both of which are realistic constraints for real-world deployment of LLMs. With automatic as well as human evaluations, we empirically demonstrate that our approach can effectively select questions of higher qualities than greedy generation. 1 * Equal contribution. 1 We open-source all code and annotated data on github.

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Cited by top-tier papers1

  1. Graph-of-Agents: A Graph-based Framework for Multi-Agent LLM CollaborationSukwon Yun, Jie Peng, Pingzhi Li, Wendong Fan et al.ICLR 2026 · 21 citations

Builds on12

  1. Language Models are Few-Shot LearnersTom B. Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah et al.NeurIPS 2020 · 64,255 citations
  2. Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language ModelsJason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma et al.NeurIPS 2022 · 22,562 citations
  3. Calibrate Before Use: Improving Few-shot Performance of Language ModelsZihao Zhao, Eric Wallace, Shi Feng, Dan Klein et al.ICML 2021 · 1,843 citations
  4. Fantastically Ordered Prompts and Where to Find Them: Overcoming Few-Shot Prompt Order SensitivityYao Lu, Max Bartolo, Alastair Moore, Sebastian Riedel et al.ACL 2022 · 1,494 citations
  5. BARTScore: Evaluating Generated Text as Text GenerationWeizhe Yuan, Graham Neubig, Pengfei LiuNeurIPS 2021 · 1,143 citations

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  1. PRompt Optimization in Multi-Step Tasks (PROMST): Integrating Human Feedback and Heuristic-based SamplingYongchao Chen, Jacob Arkin, Yilun Hao, Yang Zhang et al.EMNLP 2024 · 6 citations
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