THOR: A Theta-Gamma Hierarchical Oscillatory Reasoning Framework for Multi-hop QA

Multi-hop question answering requires retrieving and integrating evidence from multiple contexts. Despite the rapid progress of current research, multi-hop reasoning remains constrained by two persistent limitations: attention decay, where the model’s focus on main question degrades as the reasoning chain grows, and error accumulation, where mistakes propagate across hops and compounds into final failure. Inspired by Theta–Gamma hierarchical oscillation which decouples global planning from local retrieval, enabling efficient attention transfer between hops and a verification and repair mechanism that interrupts the accumulation of errors in the wrong paths, we present THOR , a brain-inspired Theta–Gamma hierarchical oscillatory reasoning framework. Extensive comparative experiments and specific validation experiments on multi-hop QA benchmarks demonstrate that THOR improves answer accuracy and robustness while mitigating limitations, showcasing its generalization across different backbones. Our code is available at https://github.com/ZaneLing/ Theta-Gamma .