Adaptive Calibrator Ensemble: Navigating Test Set Difficulty in Out-of-Distribution Scenarios

Model calibration usually requires optimizing some parameters (e.g., temperature) w.r.t an objective function like negative log-likelihood. This work uncovers a significant but overlooked aspect that the objective function is influenced by calibration set difficulty: the ratio of misclassified to correctly classified samples 1 . If a test set has a drastically different difficulty level from the calibration set, a phenomenon out-of-distribution (OOD) data often exhibit: the optimal calibration parameters of the two datasets would be different, rendering an optimal calibrator on the calibration set suboptimal on the OOD test set and thus degraded calibration performance. With this knowledge, we propose a simple and effective method named adaptive calibrator ensemble (ACE) to calibrate OOD datasets whose difficulty is usually higher than the calibration set. Specifically, two calibration functions are trained, one for in-distribution data (low difficulty), and the other for severely OOD data (high difficulty). To achieve desirable calibration on a new OOD dataset, ACE uses an adaptive weighting method that strikes a balance between the two extreme functions. When plugged in, ACE generally improves the performance of a few state-of-the-art calibration schemes on a series of OOD benchmarks. Importantly, such improvement does not come at the cost of the in-distribution calibration performance. Project Website: https://github.com/insysgroup/Adaptive- Calibrators-Ensemble.git.