The Road Less Scheduled
Aaron Defazio, Xingyu Yang, Ahmed Khaled, Konstantin Mishchenko, Harsh Mehta, Ashok Cutkosky
Abstract
Existing learning rate schedules that do not require specification of the optimization stopping step T are greatly out-performed by learning rate schedules that depend on T. We propose an approach that avoids the need for this stopping time by eschewing the use of schedules entirely, while exhibiting state-of-the-art performance compared to schedules across a wide family of problems ranging from convex problems to large-scale deep learning problems. Our Schedule-Free approach introduces no additional hyper-parameters over standard optimizers with momentum. Our method is a direct consequence of a new theory we develop that unifies scheduling and iterate averaging. An open source implementation of our method is available at https://github.com/facebookresearch/schedule_free. Schedule-Free AdamW is the core algorithm behind our winning entry to the MLCommons 2024 AlgoPerf Algorithmic Efficiency Challenge Self-Tuning track.
Ask about this paper
Your agent reads all of it.
Lune indexed this paper to the last equation, along with the top-tier papers that cite it. Ask a question and the answer quotes them.
Cited by top-tier papers49
- Scaling Laws and Compute-Optimal Training Beyond Fixed Training DurationsAlexander Hägele, Elie Bakouch, Atli Kosson, Loubna Ben Allal et al.NeurIPS 2024 · 168 citations
- TabDPT: Scaling Tabular Foundation Models on Real DataJunwei Ma, Valentin Thomas, Rasa Hosseinzadeh, Alex Labach et al.NeurIPS 2025 · 118 citations
- Fantastic Pretraining Optimizers and Where to Find ThemKaiyue Wen, David Leo Wright Hall, Tengyu Ma, Percy LiangICLR 2026 · 92 citations
- TabICLv2: A Better, Faster, Scalable, and Open Tabular Foundation ModelJingang QU, David Holzmüller, Gael Varoquaux, Marine Le MorvanICML 2026 · 85 citations
- CausalPFN: Amortized Causal Effect Estimation via In-Context LearningVahid Balazadeh Meresht, Hamidreza Kamkari, Valentin Thomas, Junwei Ma et al.NeurIPS 2025 · 52 citations
Builds on3
- Learning-Rate-Free Learning by D-AdaptationAaron Defazio, Konstantin MishchenkoICML 2023 · 117 citations
- A simpler approach to accelerated optimization: iterative averaging meets optimismPooria Joulani, Anant Raj, András György, Csaba SzepesváriICML 2020 · 30 citations
- Masked Autoencoders Are Scalable Vision LearnersKaiming He, Xinlei Chen, Saining Xie, Yanghao Li et al.CVPR 2022
Related papers
- Through the River: Understanding the Benefit of Schedule-Free Methods for Language Model TrainingMinhak Song, Beomhan Baek, Kwangjun Ahn, Chulhee YunNeurIPS 2025 · 9 citations
- General framework for online-to-nonconvex conversion: Schedule-free SGD is also effective for nonconvex optimizationKwangjun Ahn, Gagik Magakyan, Ashok CutkoskyICML 2025
- Mechanic: A Learning Rate TunerAshok Cutkosky, Aaron Defazio, Harsh MehtaNeurIPS 2023 · 27 citations
- ADOPT: Modified Adam Can Converge with Any β2 with the Optimal RateShohei Taniguchi, Keno Harada, Gouki Minegishi, Yuta Oshima et al.NeurIPS 2024 · 32 citations
- Accelerating neural network training: An analysis of the AlgoPerf competitionPriya Kasimbeg, Frank Schneider, Runa Eschenhagen, Juhan Bae et al.ICLR 2025
