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ACL Findings2024

PyramidInfer: Pyramid KV Cache Compression for High-throughput LLM Inference

Dongjie Yang, Xiaodong Han, Yan Gao, Yao Hu, Shilin Zhang, Hai Zhao

Abstract

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable comprehension abilities but face challenges in GPU memory usage during inference, hindering their scalability for realtime applications like chatbots. To accelerate inference, we store computed keys and values (KV cache) in the GPU memory. Existing methods study the KV cache compression to reduce memory by pruning the pre-computed KV cache. However, they neglect the inter-layer dependency between layers and huge memory consumption in pre-computation. To explore these deficiencies, we find that the number of crucial keys and values that influence future generations decreases layer by layer and we can extract them by the consistency in attention weights. Based on the findings, we propose PyramidInfer, a method that compresses the KV cache by layer-wise retaining crucial context. PyramidInfer saves significant memory by computing fewer keys and values without sacrificing performance. Experimental results show PyramidInfer improves 2.2x throughput compared to Accelerate with over 54% GPU memory reduction in KV cache. Our code is available in https://github.com/mutonix/ pyramidinfer.

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Cited by top-tier papers62

  1. Ada-KV: Optimizing KV Cache Eviction by Adaptive Budget Allocation for Efficient LLM InferenceYuan Feng, Junlin Lv, Yukun Cao, Xike Xie et al.NeurIPS 2025 · 256 citations
  2. Mixture-of-Recursions: Learning Dynamic Recursive Depths for Adaptive Token-Level ComputationSangmin Bae, Yujin Kim, Reza Bayat, Sungnyun Kim et al.NeurIPS 2025 · 143 citations
  3. KVzip: Query-Agnostic KV Cache Compression with Context ReconstructionJang-Hyun Kim, Jinuk Kim, Sangwoo Kwon, Jae W. Lee et al.NeurIPS 2025 · 103 citations
  4. ChunkKV: Semantic-Preserving KV Cache Compression for Efficient Long-Context LLM InferenceXiang Liu, Zhenheng Tang, Peijie Dong, Zeyu Li et al.NeurIPS 2025 · 71 citations
  5. FlashDLM: Accelerating Diffusion Language Model Inference via Efficient KV Caching and Guided DiffusionZhanqiu Hu, Jian Meng, Yash Akhauri, Mohamed S. Abdelfattah et al.ICLR 2026 · 56 citations

Builds on4

  1. Measuring Massive Multitask Language UnderstandingDan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou et al.ICLR 2021 · 7,905 citations
  2. FlashAttention-2: Faster Attention with Better Parallelism and Work PartitioningTri DaoICLR 2024 · 2,600 citations
  3. Model Tells You What to Discard: Adaptive KV Cache Compression for LLMsSuyu Ge, Yunan Zhang, Liyuan Liu, Minjia Zhang et al.ICLR 2024 · 432 citations
  4. L-Eval: Instituting Standardized Evaluation for Long Context Language ModelsChenxin An, Shansan Gong, Ming Zhong, Xingjian Zhao et al.ACL 2024 · 6 citations

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  1. DiffKV: Differentiated Memory Management for Large Language Models with Parallel KV CompactionYanqi Zhang, Yuwei Hu, Runyuan Zhao, John C. S. Lui et al.SOSP 2025
  2. SqueezeAttention: 2D Management of KV-Cache in LLM Inference via Layer-wise Optimal BudgetZihao Wang, Bin Cui, Shaoduo GanICLR 2025
  3. Layer-Condensed KV Cache for Efficient Inference of Large Language ModelsHaoyi Wu, Kewei TuACL 2024
  4. PKAS: Predictive KVCache-Aware Scheduling for Faster LLM and Transformer InferencesJie Ye, Avinash Maurya, Krishna Teja Chitty-Venkata, Bogdan Nicolae et al.HPDC 2026
  5. KeepKV: Achieving Periodic Lossless KV Cache Compression for Efficient LLM InferenceYuxuan Tian, Zihan Wang, Yebo Peng, Aomufei Yuan et al.AAAI 2026
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