Map of Encoders - Mapping Sentence Encoders using Quantum Relative Entropy
Gaifan Zhang, Danushka Bollegala
Abstract
We propose a method to compare and visualise sentence encoders at scale by creating a map of encoders where each sentence encoder is represented in relation to the other sentence encoders. Specifically, we first represent a sentence encoder using an embedding matrix of a sentence set, where each row corresponds to the embedding of a sentence. Next, we compute the Pairwise Inner Product (PIP) matrix for a sentence encoder using its embedding matrix. Finally, we create a feature vector for each sentence encoder reflecting its Quantum Relative Entropy (QRE) with respect to a unit base encoder. We construct a map of encoders covering 1101 publicly available sentence encoders, providing a new perspective of the landscape of the pre-trained sentence encoders. Our map accurately reflects various relationships between encoders, where encoders with similar attributes are proximally located on the map. Moreover, our encoder feature vectors can be used to accurately infer downstream task performance of the encoders, such as in retrieval and clustering tasks, demonstrating the faithfulness of our map.
Ask about this paper
Your agent reads all of it.
Lune indexed this paper to the last equation, along with the top-tier papers that cite it. Ask a question and the answer quotes them.
Your agent calls
Luneget_paper_fulltext
Free to start. No credit card required.
Terminal
Install the CLIlune papers fulltext 60b45013-0812-4e4e-bb5e-4bb7cec2d546Builds on6
- SimCSE: Simple Contrastive Learning of Sentence EmbeddingsTianyu Gao, Xingcheng Yao, Danqi ChenEMNLP 2021 · 2,496 citations
- MPNet: Masked and Permuted Pre-training for Language UnderstandingKaitao Song, Xu Tan, Tao Qin, Jianfeng Lu et al.NeurIPS 2020 · 1,957 citations
- On the Sentence Embeddings from Pre-trained Language ModelsBohan Li, Hao Zhou, Junxian He, Mingxuan Wang et al.EMNLP 2020 · 538 citations
- Natural Language Processing Meets Quantum Physics: A Survey and CategorizationSixuan Wu, Jian Li, Peng Zhang, Yue ZhangEMNLP 2021 · 20 citations
- SimCSE++: Improving Contrastive Learning for Sentence Embeddings from Two PerspectivesJiahao Xu, Wei Shao, Lihui Chen, Lemao LiuEMNLP 2023 · 7 citations
Related papers
- Mapping 1, 000+ Language Models via the Log-Likelihood VectorMomose Oyama, Hiroaki Yamagiwa, Yusuke Takase, Hidetoshi ShimodairaACL 2025
- Roles and Utilization of Attention Heads in Transformer-based Neural Language ModelsJae-young Jo, Sung-Hyon MyaengACL 2020 · 32 citations
- On Affine Homotopy between Language EncodersRobin Chan, Reda Boumasmoud, Anej Svete, Yuxin Ren et al.NeurIPS 2024 · 7 citations
- Ranking-Enhanced Unsupervised Sentence Representation LearningYeon Seonwoo, Guoyin Wang, Changmin Seo, Sajal Choudhary et al.ACL 2023 · 12 citations
- Why Mean Pooling Works: Quantifying Second-Order Collapse in Text EmbeddingsTomomasa Hara, Hiroto Kurita, Masaaki Imaizumi, Kentaro Inui et al.ACL 2026 · 2 citations
