Subspace Optimization for Large Language Models with Convergence Guarantees

Subspace optimization algorithms, such as Ga-Lore (Zhao et al., 2024) , have gained attention for pre-training and fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) due to their memory efficiency. However, their convergence guarantees remain unclear, particularly in stochastic settings. In this paper, we reveal that GaLore does not always converge to the optimal solution and provide an explicit counterexample to support this finding. We further explore the conditions under which GaLore achieves convergence, showing that it does so when either (i) a sufficiently large mini-batch size is used or (ii) the gradient noise is isotropic. More significantly, we introduce GoLore (Gradient random Low-rank projection), a novel variant of GaLore that provably converges in typical stochastic settings, even with standard batch sizes. Our convergence analysis extends naturally to other subspace optimization algorithms. Finally, we empirically validate our theoretical results and thoroughly test the proposed mechanisms. Codes are available at https: //github.com/pkumelon/Golore .