Across Programming Language Silos: A Study on Cross-Lingual Retrieval-Augmented Code Generation

Current research on large language models (LLMs) with retrieval-augmented code generation (RACG) has largely focused on singlelanguage settings, leaving their cross-lingual effectiveness underexplored. Multilingual RACG systems are increasingly important for migrating and reusing code across programming languages (PLs), a common yet challenging task in modern software development. To systematically study cross-lingual code knowledge transfer in RACG, we construct a dataset covering 13 PLs with nearly 14K instances. Our experiments reveal three key insights: (1) Knowledge transfer in RACG across PLs is non-trivial even using direct injection. (2) RACG exhibits unequal cross-lingual knowledge transfer, and its efficacy depends on linguistic affinity of PL pair and diversity of LLM pretraining corpus. (3) RACG shows limited reliance on natural language information embedded in code when equipped with a codespecific retriever. These findings provide practical guidance for designing effective multilingual RACG systems. https://github.com/ icip-cas/Cross-Lingual-RACG.