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EMNLP Findings2025

Accelerating LLM Reasoning via Early Rejection with Partial Reward Modeling

Seyyed Saeid Cheshmi, Azal Ahmad Khan, Xinran Wang, Zirui Liu, Ali Anwar

Abstract

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly relied upon for solving complex reasoning tasks in domains such as mathematics, logic, and multi-step question answering. A growing line of work seeks to improve reasoning quality by scaling inference time compute particularly through Process Reward Models (PRMs), used to reward the reasoning at intermediate steps. While effective, these methods introduce substantial computational overhead, especially when generating large numbers of solutions in parallel. In this paper, we investigate whether PRMs can be used midgeneration to provide early signals that enable the rejection of suboptimal candidates before full generation of step is complete. We introduce the hypothesis that PRMs are also Partial Reward Models, meaning that the scores they assign to partially completed reasoning step are predictive of final output quality. This allows for principled early rejection based on intermediate token-level signals. We support this hypothesis both theoretically, by proving that the risk of discarding optimal beams decreases exponentially with generation length and empirically, by demonstrating a strong correlation between partial and final rewards across multiple reward models. On math reasoning benchmarks, our method achieves up to 1.4×-9× reduction in inference FLOPs without degrading final performance. These results suggest that early rejection is a powerful mechanism for improving the compute-efficiency of reasoning in LLMs. The code and implementation are available at https://github.com/scheshmi/ accelerated-reasoning-ER-PRM.

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Cited by top-tier papers1

  1. Retrieval-of-Thought: Efficient Reasoning via Reusing ThoughtsAmmar Ahmed, Azal Ahmad Khan, Ayaan Ahmad, Sheng Di et al.ICLR 2026 · 13 citations

Builds on13

  1. Large Language Models are Zero-Shot ReasonersTakeshi Kojima, Shixiang Shane Gu, Machel Reid, Yutaka Matsuo et al.NeurIPS 2022 · 8,168 citations
  2. Tree of Thoughts: Deliberate Problem Solving with Large Language ModelsShunyu Yao, Dian Yu, Jeffrey Zhao, Izhak Shafran et al.NeurIPS 2023 · 5,068 citations
  3. Let's Verify Step by StepHunter Lightman, Vineet Kosaraju, Yuri Burda, Harrison Edwards et al.ICLR 2024 · 3,045 citations
  4. AlphaZero-Like Tree-Search can Guide Large Language Model Decoding and TrainingZiyu Wan, Xidong Feng, Muning Wen, Stephen Marcus McAleer et al.ICML 2024 · 325 citations
  5. Least-to-Most Prompting Enables Complex Reasoning in Large Language ModelsDenny Zhou, Nathanael Schärli, Le Hou, Jason Wei et al.ICLR 2023 · 318 citations

Related papers

  1. R-PRM: Reasoning-Driven Process Reward ModelingShuaijie She, Junxiao Liu, Yifeng Liu, Jiajun Chen et al.EMNLP 2025
  2. From Mathematical Reasoning to Code: Generalization of Process Reward Models in Test-Time ScalingZhengyu Chen, Yudong Wang, Teng Xiao, Ruochen Zhou et al.AAAI 2026 · 2 citations
  3. The Lessons of Developing Process Reward Models in Mathematical ReasoningZhenru Zhang, Chujie Zheng, Yangzhen Wu, Beichen Zhang et al.ACL Findings 2025 · 18 citations
  4. Reasoning Is Not a Race: When Stopping Early Beats Going DeeperMohan Zhang, Jiaxuan Gao, Shusheng Xu, Yi WuNeurIPS 2025
  5. Know What You Don't Know: Uncertainty Calibration of Process Reward ModelsYoung-Jin Park, Kristjan Greenewald, Kaveh Alimohammadi, Hao Wang et al.NeurIPS 2025 · 21 citations
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