From 1, 000, 000 Users to Every User: Scaling Up Personalized Preference for User-level Alignment

Large language models (LLMs) have traditionally been aligned through one-sizefits-all approaches that assume uniform human preferences, fundamentally overlooking the diversity in user values and needs. This paper introduces a comprehensive framework for scalable personalized alignment of LLMs. We establish a systematic preference space characterizing psychological and behavioral dimensions, alongside diverse persona representations for robust preference inference in real-world scenarios. Building upon this foundation, we introduce ALIGNX, a large-scale dataset of over 1.3 million personalized preference examples, and develop two complementary alignment approaches: in-context alignment directly conditioning on persona representations and preference-bridged alignment modeling intermediate preference distributions. Extensive experiments demonstrate substantial improvements over existing methods, with an average 17.06% accuracy gain across four benchmarks while exhibiting a strong adaptation capability to novel preferences, robustness to limited user data, and precise preference controllability. These results validate our approach toward user-adaptive AI systems.