FSTs vs ICL: Generalisation in LLMs for an under-resourced language

The effectiveness of LLMs remains uncertain in scenarios where pre-trained models have limited prior knowledge of a language. In this work, we examine LLMs' generalization in under-resourced settings through the task of orthographic normalization across Otomi language variants. We develop two approaches: a rule-based method using a finite-state transducer (FST) and an in-context learning (ICL) method that provides the model with string transduction examples. We compare the performance of FSTs and the neural approach in low-resource scenarios, providing insights into their potential and limitations. Our results show that while FSTs outperform LLMs in zero-shot settings, ICL enables LLMs to surpass FSTs, stressing the importance of combining linguistic expertise with machine learning in current approaches for low-resource scenarios. 1