Gaze-LLE: Gaze Target Estimation via Large-Scale Learned Encoders
Fiona Ryan, Ajay Bati, Sangmin Lee, Daniel Bolya, Judy Hoffman, James M. Rehg
Abstract
We address the problem of gaze target estimation, which aims to predict where a person is looking in a scene. Predicting a person's gaze target requires reasoning both about the person's appearance and the contents of the scene. Prior works have developed increasingly complex, handcrafted pipelines for gaze target estimation that carefully fuse features from separate scene encoders, head encoders, and auxiliary models for signals like depth and pose. Motivated by the success of general-purpose feature extractors on a variety of visual tasks, we propose Gaze-LLE, a novel transformer framework that streamlines gaze target estimation by leveraging features from a frozen DINOv2 encoder. We extract a single feature representation for the scene, and apply a person-specific positional prompt to decode gaze with a lightweight module. We demonstrate state-of-the-art performance across several gaze benchmarks and provide extensive analysis to validate our design choices. Our code
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Cited by top-tier papers6
- Gaze Target Estimation Anywhere with ConceptsXu Cao, Houze Yang, Vipin Gunda, Zhongyi Zhou et al.CVPR 2026 · 3 citations
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- Toward Human Deictic Gesture Target EstimationXu Cao, Pranav Virupaksha, Sangmin Lee, Bolin Lai et al.NeurIPS 2025 · 3 citations
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- Forecasting 3D Scanpaths in Egocentric VideoFiona Ryan, Ishwarya Ananthabhotla, Yijun Qian, Judy Hoffman et al.CVPR 2026 · 1 citation
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- Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language SupervisionAlec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh et al.ICML 2021 · 47,906 citations
- An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at ScaleAlexey Dosovitskiy, Lucas Beyer, Alexander Kolesnikov, Dirk Weissenborn et al.ICLR 2021 · 21,477 citations
- Digging Into Self-Supervised Monocular Depth EstimationClément Godard, Oisin Mac Aodha, Michael Firman, Gabriel J. BrostowICCV 2019 · 2,416 citations
- Per-Pixel Classification is Not All You Need for Semantic SegmentationBowen Cheng, Alexander G. Schwing, Alexander KirillovNeurIPS 2021 · 2,196 citations
- Gaze360: Physically Unconstrained Gaze Estimation in the WildPetr Kellnhofer, Adrià Recasens, Simon Stent, Wojciech Matusik et al.ICCV 2019 · 469 citations
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