ConSiDERS-The-Human Evaluation Framework: Rethinking Human Evaluation for Generative Large Language Models
Aparna Elangovan, Ling Liu, Lei Xu, Sravan Babu Bodapati, Dan Roth
Abstract
In this position paper, we argue that human evaluation of generative large language models (LLMs) should be a multidisciplinary undertaking that draws upon insights from disciplines such as user experience research and human behavioral psychology to ensure that the experimental design and results are reliable. The conclusions from these evaluations, thus, must consider factors such as usability, aesthetics, and cognitive biases. We highlight how cognitive biases can conflate fluent information and truthfulness, and how cognitive uncertainty affects the reliability of rating scores such as Likert. Furthermore, the evaluation should differentiate the capabilities and weaknesses of increasingly powerful large language models -which requires effective test sets. The scalability of human evaluation is also crucial to wider adoption. Hence, to design an effective human evaluation system in the age of generative NLP, we propose the ConSiDERS-The-Human evaluation framework consisting of 6 pillars -Consistency, Scoring Critera, Differentiating, User Experience, Responsible, and Scalability.
Ask about this paper
Your agent reads all of it.
Lune indexed this paper to the last equation, along with the top-tier papers that cite it. Ask a question and the answer quotes them.
Your agent calls
Luneget_paper_fulltext
Free to start. No credit card required.
Terminal
Install the CLIlune papers fulltext 2a6ae102-3fab-437c-bd87-886ccf693c01Cited by top-tier papers11
- CriSPO: Multi-Aspect Critique-Suggestion-guided Automatic Prompt Optimization for Text GenerationHan He, Qianchu Liu, Lei Xu, Chaitanya Shivade et al.AAAI 2025 · 13 citations
- A User-Centric Multi-Intent Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language ModelsJiayin Wang, Fengran Mo, Weizhi Ma, Peijie Sun et al.EMNLP 2024 · 10 citations
- Can LLM-Simulated Practice and Feedback Upskill Human Counselors? A Randomized Study with 90+ Novice CounselorsRyan Louie, Raj Sanjay Shah, Ifdita Hasan Orney, Juan Pablo Pacheco et al.CHI 2026 · 7 citations
- Results-Actionability Gap: Understanding How Practitioners Evaluate LLM Products in the WildWillem van der Maden, Malak Sadek, Ziang Xiao, Aske Mottelson et al.CHI 2026 · 2 citations
- Polishing Every Facet of the GEM: Testing Linguistic Competence of LLMs and Humans in KoreanSungHo Kim, Nayeon Kim, Taehee Jeon, SangKeun LeeACL 2025
Builds on13
- Quantifying Language Models' Sensitivity to Spurious Features in Prompt Design or: How I learned to start worrying about prompt formattingMelanie Sclar, Yejin Choi, Yulia Tsvetkov, Alane SuhrICLR 2024 · 682 citations
- Red Teaming Language Models with Language ModelsEthan Perez, Saffron Huang, H. Francis Song, Trevor Cai et al.EMNLP 2022 · 239 citations
- LawBench: Benchmarking Legal Knowledge of Large Language ModelsZhiwei Fei, Xiaoyu Shen, Dawei Zhu, Fengzhe Zhou et al.EMNLP 2024 · 59 citations
- On Faithfulness and Factuality in Abstractive SummarizationJoshua Maynez, Shashi Narayan, Bernd Bohnet, Ryan T. McDonaldACL 2020 · 54 citations
- Beyond Accuracy: Behavioral Testing of NLP Models with CheckListMarco Túlio Ribeiro, Tongshuang Wu, Carlos Guestrin, Sameer SinghACL 2020 · 51 citations
Related papers
- A Systematic Survey and Critical Review on Evaluating Large Language Models: Challenges, Limitations, and RecommendationsMd. Tahmid Rahman Laskar, Sawsan Alqahtani, M. Saiful Bari, Mizanur Rahman et al.EMNLP 2024 · 47 citations
- Beyond Utility: Evaluating LLM as RecommenderChumeng Jiang, Jiayin Wang, Weizhi Ma, Charles L. A. Clarke et al.WWW 2025 · 22 citations
- Re-evaluating Open-ended Evaluation of Large Language ModelsSiqi Liu, Ian Gemp, Luke Marris, Georgios Piliouras et al.ICLR 2025
- Thinking beyond the anthropomorphic paradigm benefits LLM researchLujain Ibrahim, Myra ChengACL 2026 · 13 citations
- Studying the Effects of Cognitive Biases in Evaluation of Conversational AgentsSashank Santhanam, Alireza Karduni, Samira ShaikhCHI 2020 · 18 citations
