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ACL Findings2024

MetaPro 2.0: Computational Metaphor Processing on the Effectiveness of Anomalous Language Modeling

Rui Mao, Kai He, Claudia Ong, Qian Liu, Erik Cambria

Abstract

Metaphor interpretation is a difficult task in natural language understanding. The development of relevant techniques in this domain is slow, mostly because of the lack of large annotated datasets and effective pre-trained language models (PLMs) for metaphor learning. Thus, we propose a large annotated dataset and a PLM for the metaphor interpretation task. Our foundation model is based on a novel anomalous language modeling (ALM) method, which we benchmark with comparable PLM baselines on the new dataset, finding that it largely improves model performance on metaphor identification and interpretation.

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Cited by top-tier papers3

  1. Probing Semantic Alignment, Lexical Invariance, and Syntactic Influence in LLM Metaphor ProcessingFengying Ye, Shanshan Wang, Lidia S. Chao, Derek F. WongACL 2026 · 7 citations
  2. Deriving Strategic Market Insights with Large Language Models: A Benchmark for Forward Counterfactual GenerationKeane Ong, Rui Mao, Deeksha Varshney, Paul Pu Liang et al.EMNLP 2025 · 1 citation
  3. CLER: Improving Multimodal Financial Reasoning by Cross-MLLM Error ReflectionShuangyan Deng, Zhongsheng Wang, Rui Mao, Ciprian Doru Giurcaneanu et al.AAAI 2026

Builds on12

  1. Language Models are Few-Shot LearnersTom B. Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah et al.NeurIPS 2020 · 64,255 citations
  2. Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language ModelsJason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma et al.NeurIPS 2022 · 22,562 citations
  3. Relation-Aware Collaborative Learning for Unified Aspect-Based Sentiment AnalysisZhuang Chen, Tieyun QianACL 2020 · 194 citations
  4. Bridging Towers of Multi-task Learning with a Gating Mechanism for Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis and Sequential Metaphor IdentificationRui Mao, Xiao LiAAAI 2021 · 119 citations
  5. Effective Neural Topic Modeling with Embedding Clustering RegularizationXiaobao Wu, Xinshuai Dong, Thong Thanh Nguyen, Anh Tuan LuuICML 2023 · 87 citations

Related papers

  1. Metaphor Understanding Challenge Dataset for LLMsXiaoyu Tong, Rochelle Choenni, Martha Lewis, Ekaterina ShutovaACL 2024
  2. Metaphors in Pre-Trained Language Models: Probing and Generalization Across Datasets and LanguagesEhsan Aghazadeh, Mohsen Fayyaz, Yadollah YaghoobzadehACL 2022
  3. Can Pre-trained Language Models Interpret Similes as Smart as Human?Qianyu He, Sijie Cheng, Zhixu Li, Rui Xie et al.ACL 2022
  4. M3UCD: A Multi-task Multimodal Metaphor Understanding Challenge Dataset for LLMsTianlong Zheng, Yating Yang, Rui Dong, Bo Ma et al.AAAI 2026
  5. IMPLI: Investigating NLI Models' Performance on Figurative LanguageKevin Stowe, Prasetya Ajie Utama, Iryna GurevychACL 2022 · 52 citations
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