Asymptotic analysis and design of linear elastic shell lattice metamaterials

We present an asymptotic analysis of shell lattice metamaterials based on Ciarlet's shell theory, introducing a new metric— asymptotic directional stiffness (ADS)—to quantify how the geometry of the middle surface governs the effective stiffness. We prove a convergence theorem that rigorously characterizes ADS and establishes its upper bound, along with necessary and sufficient condition for achieving it. As a key result, our theory provides the first rigorous explanation for the high bulk modulus observed in Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS)-based shell lattices. To optimize ADS on general periodic surfaces, we propose a triangular-mesh-based discretization and shape optimization framework. Numerical experiments validate the theoretical findings and demonstrate the effectiveness of the optimization under various design objectives. Our implementation is available at https://github.com/lavenklau/minisurf.