Invisible Mesh: Effects of X-Ray Vision Metaphors on Depth Perception in Optical-See-Through Augmented Reality

This paper investigates the influence of X-ray vision metaphors on distance estimation in optical-see-through augmented reality (AR) in action space. A within-subjects study $(\mathrm{N}=30)$ was conducted to evaluate depth judgments across five conditions, including a novel “invisible mesh” technique. Participants performed a series of blind walking tasks that required estimating the depth of AR objects displayed at multiple distance ranges in front or behind a physical occluding surface. Although quantitative results regarding the impact of different X-ray vision metaphors on distance perception were inconclusive, participant feedback revealed a diversity of strategies and preferences. Overall, the findings suggest that no single metaphor was considered universally superior, and multiple X-ray vision metaphors may be suitable for different users and situations. This research contributes to understanding of X-ray vision techniques and informs the design considerations for AR systems aiming to enhance depth perception and user experience.