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EMNLP Findings2024

Are ELECTRA's Sentence Embeddings Beyond Repair? The Case of Semantic Textual Similarity

Ivan Rep, David Dukic, Jan Snajder

摘要

While BERT produces high-quality sentence embeddings, its pre-training computational cost is a significant drawback. In contrast, ELEC-TRA provides a cost-effective pre-training objective and downstream task performance improvements, but worse sentence embeddings. The community tacitly stopped utilizing ELEC-TRA's sentence embeddings for semantic textual similarity (STS). We notice a significant drop in performance for the ELECTRA discriminator's last layer in comparison to prior layers. We explore this drop and propose a way to repair the embeddings using a novel truncated model fine-tuning (TMFT) method. TMFT improves the Spearman correlation coefficient by over 8 points while increasing parameter efficiency on the STS Benchmark. We extend our analysis to various model sizes, languages, and two other tasks. Further, we discover the surprising efficacy of ELECTRA's generator model, which performs on par with BERT, using significantly fewer parameters and a substantially smaller embedding size. Finally, we observe boosts by combining TMFT with word similarity or domain adaptive pretraining.

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引用它的顶会 Paper1

  1. Separating Representation from Reconstruction Enables Scalable Text EncodersMegi Dervishi, Mathurin VIDEAU, Yann LeCunICML 2026

它引用的 Paper8

  1. MPNet: Masked and Permuted Pre-training for Language UnderstandingKaitao Song, Xu Tan, Tao Qin, Jianfeng Lu 等NeurIPS 2020 · 1,957 次引用
  2. ELECTRA: Pre-training Text Encoders as Discriminators Rather Than GeneratorsKevin Clark, Minh-Thang Luong, Quoc V. Le, Christopher D. ManningICLR 2020 · 541 次引用
  3. DeBERTaV3: Improving DeBERTa using ELECTRA-Style Pre-Training with Gradient-Disentangled Embedding SharingPengcheng He, Jianfeng Gao, Weizhu ChenICLR 2023 · 394 次引用
  4. Interpreting Pretrained Contextualized Representations via Reductions to Static EmbeddingsRishi Bommasani, Kelly Davis, Claire CardieACL 2020 · 137 次引用
  5. Don't Stop Pretraining: Adapt Language Models to Domains and TasksSuchin Gururangan, Ana Marasovic, Swabha Swayamdipta, Kyle Lo 等ACL 2020 · 93 次引用

相关 Paper

  1. PEER: Pre-training ELECTRA Extended by RankingRu He, Wei Wang, Songfang Huang, Fei HuangACL Findings 2023 · 1 次引用
  2. Effective Pretraining Objectives for Transformer-based AutoencodersLuca Di Liello, Matteo Gabburo, Alessandro MoschittiEMNLP Findings 2022 · 5 次引用
  3. Training ELECTRA Augmented with Multi-word SelectionJiaming Shen, Jialu Liu, Tianqi Liu, Cong Yu 等ACL Findings 2021 · 7 次引用
  4. Fast-ELECTRA for Efficient Pre-trainingChengyu Dong, Liyuan Liu, Hao Cheng, Jingbo Shang 等ICLR 2024 · 2 次引用
  5. GASE: Generatively Augmented Sentence EncodingManuel Frank, Haithem AfliEMNLP Findings 2025
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