Demystifying Prompts in Language Models via Perplexity Estimation

Language models can be prompted to perform a wide variety of tasks with zero-and few-shot incontext learning. However, performance varies significantly with the choice of prompt, and we do not yet understand why this happens. In this paper, we analyze the factors that contribute to this variance and establish a new empirical hypothesis: the performance of a prompt is predicted by the extent to which the model is familiar with the language it contains. Over a wide range of tasks, we show that the lower the perplexity of the prompt, the better it is able to perform the task, when considering reasonable prompts that are related to it. As part of our analysis, we also devise a method to automatically extend a small seed set of manually written prompts by paraphrasing with GPT3 and backtranslation. This larger set allows us to verify that perplexity is a strong predictor of the success of a prompt and we show that the lowest perplexity prompts are consistently effective.

Task Perplexity-score corr. Perplexity-acc corr. Avg Acc Acc 50% Pearson Spearman Pearson Spearman OPT 175B Antonyms **-0.41 **-0.53 ----GLUE Cola -0.15 -0.14 -0.04 -0.02 47.7 57.1 Newspop *-0.24 **-0.26 *-0.20 -0.18 66.4 72.9 AG News **-0.63 **-0.68 **-0.77 **-0.81 57.5 68.7 IMDB **0.35 **0.40 0.14 *0.20 86.2 91.0 DBpedia **-0.50 **-0.44 **-0.51 **-0.42 46.7 55.2 Emotion -0.14 -0.19 **-0.30 **-0.32 16.4 23.0 Tweet Offensive *-0.19 0.07 0.18 *0.23 51.3 55.8 Bloom 176B Antonyms **-0.37 **-0.23 ----GLUE Cola 0.07 0.11 **-0.25 **-0.26 55.5 65.6 Newspop **-0.50 **-0.42 **-0.59 **-0.51 78.9 87.8 AG News **-0.62 **-0.54 **-0.44 **-0.44 50.3 59.4 IMDB 0.04 0.09 -0.08 -0.14 89.3 92.2 DBpedia **-0.47 *-0.27 **-0.35 *-0.21 27.2 33.4 Emotion **-0.33 **-0.42 **-0.48 **-0.55 29.3 31.7 Tweet Offensive 0.14 *0.24 *-0.20 -0.03 41.6 46.2