Missci: Reconstructing Fallacies in Misrepresented Science

Health-related misinformation on social networks can lead to poor decision-making and real-world dangers.Such misinformation often misrepresents scientific publications and cites them as "proof" to gain perceived credibility.To effectively counter such claims automatically, a system must explain how the claim was falsely derived from the cited publication.Current methods for automated fact-checking or fallacy detection neglect to assess the (mis)used evidence in relation to misinformation claims, which is required to detect the mismatch between them.To address this gap, we introduce MISSCI, a novel argumentation theoretical model for fallacious reasoning together with a new dataset for real-world misinformation detection that misrepresents biomedical publications.Unlike previous fallacy detection datasets, MISSCI (i) focuses on implicit fallacies between the relevant content of the cited publication and the inaccurate claim, and (ii) requires models to verbalize the fallacious reasoning in addition to classifying it.We present MISSCI as a dataset to test the critical reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs), which are required to reconstruct real-world fallacious arguments, in a zero-shot setting.We evaluate two representative LLMs and the impact of providing different levels of detail about the fallacy classes to the LLMs via prompts.Our experiments and human evaluation show promising results for GPT 4, while also demonstrating the difficulty of this task. 1 1 Code and data are available at: https://github. com/UKPLab/acl2024-missci.Claim: Hydroxychloroquine is a cure for COVID-19. Accurate premise ( ):Chloroquine reduced infection of the coronavirus. Fallacy of CompositionFallacious premise ( ) SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 are both coronaviruses.Therefore, they can be treated the same way. False Equivalence Publication context ( ):The study used cell cultures for their experiments.